Examples of Comparative Biology
Diagrams for the peptide COX2 from several species are shown here.
It is unclear for the present as to whether these diagrams should be identical to each other.
Examples of non-synonymous mutations are: G7664A - giving 'A27T' (defines Haplogroup B4ba1a1 etc.) A7673G - giving 'I30V' (defines Haplogroup M13a1a etc.) G7805A - giving 'V74I' (defines Haplogroup L1c3b2, U6a etc.) G8027A - giving 'A148T' (defines Haplogroup L1c etc.) A8108G - giving 'I175V' (defines Haplogroup M11 etc.) Full list February 2011 Mutation Freq. Change 7598A 1.8% 146 A5T 7661T 0.01% 1 H26Y 7664A 0.5% 43 A27T 7673G 0.3% 26 I30V 7679C 0.1% 8 F32L 7691C 0.03% 3 F36L 7692C 0.1% 8 F36S 7697A 1.2% 97 V38I 7706A 0.02% 2 A41T 7718G 0.01% 1 T45A 7746G 0.04% 4 N54S 7755C 0.01% 1 D57A 7775A 0.1% 8 V64I 7785C 0.1% 8 I67T 7793T 0.02% 2 A70S 7805A 1.2% 103 V74I 7830A 0.07% 6 R82H 7844G 0.2% 17 T87A 7853A 1.6% 131 V90I 7859A 0.4% 31 D92N 7941G 0.01% 1 N119S 7977C 0.01% 1 G131A 8026T 0.01% 1 E147D 8027A 4% 339 A148T 8075A 0.03% 3 A164T 8084G 0.04% 4 T167A 8108G 0.3% 25 I175V 8130T 0.01% 1 T182I 8237G 0.03% 3 I218V 8252G 0.01% 1 P223A 8255A 0.01% 1 V224M
Mammal - Human NC_012920
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Marsupial - Koala - NC_008133
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Arthropoda - Honey Bee - NC_001566
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Bryozoan - NC_008192
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Amino acid sequences for peptide COX2:-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 200 1 2
Mammals:
Human - MAHAAQVGLQDATSPIMEELITFHDHALMIIFLICFLVLYALFLTLTTKLTNTNISDAQEMETVWTILPAIILVLIALPSLRILYMTDEVNDPSLTIKSIGHQWYWTYEYTDYGGLIFNSYMLPPLFLEPGDLRLLDVDNRVVLPIEAPIRMMITSQDVLHSWAVPTLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTFTATRPGVYYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVLELIPLKIFEMGPVFTL - Human
Denisovan - MAHAAQVGLQDATSPIMEELIIFHDHTLMIIFLICFLVLYALFLTLTTKLTNTNISDAQEMETVWTILPAIILVLIALPSLRILYMTDEVNDPSFTIKSIGHQWYWTYEYTDYGGLIFNSYMLPPLFLEPGDLRLLDVDNRVVLPVEAPIRMMITSQDVLHSWAVPTLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTFTATRPGVYYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVLELIPLKIFEMGPVFTL
Chimp - MAHAAQVGLQDATSPIMEELIIFHDHALMIIFLICFLVLYALFLTLTTKLTNTSISDAQEMETVWTILPAIILVLIALPSLRILYMTDEVNDPSFTIKSIGHQWYWTYEYTDYGGLIFNSYMLPPLFLEPGDLRLLDVDNRVVLPVEAPVRMMITSQDVLHSWAVPTLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTFTATRPGVYYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVLELIPLKIFEMGPVFTL - Chimp
Cattle - MAYPMQLGFQDATSPIMEELLHFHDHTLMIVFLISSLVLYIISLMLTTKLTHTSTMDAQEVETIWTILPAIILILIALPSLRILYMMDEINNPSLTVKTMGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLSFDSYMIPTSELKPGELRLLEVDNRVVLPMEMTIRMLVSSEDVLHSWAVPSLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTLMSSRPGLYYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLELVPLKYFEKWSASML - Cattle
Bowhead Whale - MAYPLQLGFQDATSPIMEELLHFHDHTLMIVFLISSLVLYIITLMLTTKLTHTSTMDAQEVETIWTILPAIILILIALPSLRILYMMDEVNNPSLTVKTMGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLNFDSYMIPTSDLKPGELRLLEVDNRVVLPMEMTIRMLVSSEDVLHSWAVPSLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTLMSTRPGLFYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLELVPLENFEKWSTSML - Bowhead Whale
Killer Whale - MAYPFQLGLQDAASPVMEELLQFHDHALMIIFLISSLVLYIITLMLTTKLTHTSTMNAQEVETIWTILPAAILIMIALPSLRILYMMDEINNPSLTVKTMGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLNFDSYMIPTPDLKPGELRLLEVDNRMVLPLQMTIRMLVSSEDVLHSWAIPSLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTLTSTRPGLFYGQCSEVCGSNHSFMPIVLELVPLESFEKWSASML - Killer Whale
Egyptian Rousette - MAYPFQLGFQDATSPIMEELLHFHDHALMIVFLISSLVLYLISVMLTTSLTHTSTMDAQEVETIWTILPAMILIMIALPSLRILYMMDEINNPYLTVKTMGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLTFDSYMIPTQDLKPGELRLLEVDNRVVLPMELTIRMLISSEDVLHSWAVPSLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTLLSTRPGLYYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLELVPLKYFEKWSSSML - Egyptian Rousette
European Hedgehog - MPYPLELGLQDASSPIMEELLYFHDHTLMIVFLISSLVLYIISAMLTTNLMHTSTVDAQEIETVWTILPAIILILIALPSLRILYLMDEMNNPSLTMKTLGHQWYWSYEYSDFEDLSLDSYMIPTSDLNLGMFRLLEVDNRIILPTNTTTRILVSSEDVLHSWAIPSLGIKTDAIPGRLNQATLMITRPGVYYGQCSEICGANHSFMPITIEAVPLTYFEKWTSSIT - European Hedgehog
Giant Panda - MAHPFQTGLQDATSPIMEELLHFHDHTLMIVFLISSLVLYIISIMLTTKLTHTNTMDAQEVETVWTILPAIILIMIALPSLRILYMMDEINNPSLTVKTMGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLSFDSYMTPTQELKPGELRLLEVDNRVVLPMEMTIRMLISSEDVLHSWAVPSLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTLMAMRPGLYYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLEMVPLSYFEKWSASML - Giant Panda
Wallaroo - MPYPMQLGFQDATSPIMEELTYFHDHTLMIVFLISSLVLYIIILMLTTKLTHTSTMDAQEVETIWTILPAVILVLIALPSLRILYMMDEIYNPYLTIKAMGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLTFDSYMIPTQELTPGQLRLLEVDNRVVLPMELPIRVLISSEDVIHAWTVPSLGLKADAIPGRLNQATLTSTRPGVYYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLEMTTLKYFEKWSSMMQ - Wallaroo
Koala - MPYPMQLGFQDAASPIMEELVYFHDHTLMIVFLISSLILYTIMLMLTTKLTHTNTINAQEVETMWTIIPAVILVFIALPSLRILYMMDEIHNPYLTVKAIGHQWYWSYEYTDYEDLTFDSYMIPTQDLSPGQFRLLETDNRMVLPMDLPIRVLISSEDVLHAWTLPSLGVKADAIPGRLNQITLTSTRPGVFYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLEMTTLKYFEKWSSTML - Koala
Australian Echidna - MAYPLQLGFQDATSPIMEELLHFHDHTLMIVFLISSLVLYVISTMLTTKLTHTNTMDAQEVETIWTILPAIILILIALPSLRILYMMDEINNPNLTIKTMGHQWYWSYEYSDYEDLSFDSYMIPTQDLTTGQMRLLEVDNHLVMPIELPIRMLISSEDVLHSWALPSMGLKTDAIPGRLNQATITSTRPGLFYGQCSEICGSNHSFMPIVLEMVPLKHFENWSSSMMSTS - Australian Echidna
Non-mamals:
Zebrafish - MAHPAQLGFQDAASPVMEELLCFHDHALMIVFLISTLVLYIIIAMVSTKLTNKFILDSQEIEIVWTVLPAIILILIALPSLRILYLMDEINDPHVTIKAVGHQWYWSYEYTDYENLEFDSYMVPTQDLTPGGFRLLETDHRMVVPKESPIRILVSAEDVLHSWAVPSLGIKMDAVPGRLNQTAFIVSRPGVFYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVVEAVPLEFFENWSSAMLEDA - Zebrafish
Marbled Lungfish - MAHPSQLGLQDAASPVMEELIHFHDHALMIVFLISTLVLYIIVAMVSTKFTNKFILDSQEIEIVWTILPAVILIMIALPSLRILYLMDEINDPHLTVKAVGHQWYWSYEYSDYEALSFDSYMIPTQDLSPGQFRLLETDYRMVVPMESPIRVLITADDVIHSWAVPALGIKMDAVPGRLNQASFITARPGMFYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVVEAVPLQHFESWSSSMLEKA - Marbled Lungfish
Chinese Egret - MANHSQLGFQDASSPIMEELVEFHDHALMVALAICSLVLYLLALMLMEKLSSNTVDAQEVELIWTILPAIVLILLALPSLQILYMMDEIDEPDLTLKAIGHQWYWTYEYTDFKDLTFDSYMIPTAELPQGHFRLLEVDHRVVIPMESLIRIIITASDVLHSWAIPTLGVKTDAIPGRLNQTSFITTRPGIFYGQCSEICGANHSYMPIVVESAPLSHFENWSSLMSS - Chinese Egret
Sea Lamprey - MAQQAQLGLQDAASPIMEELIHFHDHTLTVVFLISVLIFYLIIVMVTTTFMNKHSLDSQEVEIVWTVMPAIVLITIALPSLRILYLTDEISNPHLTIKAVGHQWYWSYEYTDYHQMEFDSYMIPTNELEPGGIRLLDVDHRIVVPMESPVRMLITSEDVIHSWTIPSLGTKVDAVPGRLNQATFITTRPGLFFGQCSEICGANHSFMPIALEAVPLSNFENWTTKVLAS - Sea Lamprey
Sea Squirt - MYPYSFIQLTDSNTFFGHEIVLFHDFSLASLVFILTAVLLMSKALKKKKYVVLAYKGSNMLEFLWTFFPVFILISIGLPSLYLMYLLEGSFKGDLTFKVVGHQWYWSYEGGDFNDFDMSSYMVPSEDLQEGQFRLLEVDNSMVLPYSTNIRLMITSYDVIHSWTLPSLKMKVDAVPGRLNTMNIFSFQPGSFYGQCSEICGLLHSFMPIHVEFVNWETFLNHVTEESFN - Sea Squirt
Amphioxus - MATPAQLGLMDAASPVMEEMIYFHDHVMLVLILITCLIFYSMLVLISSKYIYRFLTDGHVIETVWTVIPAIILVVVALPSLKLLYLTDELDNPQLTIKSVGHQWYWSYEYTDYYDIEFDSYMLPLGDLSKGDARLLEVDNRVVLPVDTSVRVLVTAADVIHSWTVPSLGLKMDAVPGRLNQLALQCSRVGTFYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVIEAVPVEVFEGWCDMMLDEESLGSLNMKR -Amphioxus
Brown Hydra - MKNLIIFISFFICLLFNNIFYEDISESNQLSFQESASSCGNNLIFFHDDIMFYIVIILVLVGWLLFSVINNKNYNKFLLENNFIEIVWTLIPAIILIIIAIPSLFLLYSIDENVEPSLTVKIVGHQWYWSYEYSNFSPNIEFDSYMIPTIDLNQGDFRLLETDNDLVLPVNTKIKLIVSSADVIHCWTVPSLGVKVDAIPGRLNQLNFIINRPGRFFGQCSELCGLNHSFMPISIYSVSQEKFINWSINKT - Brown Hydra
Honey Bee - MSTWFMFMFQESNSYYADNLISFHNMVMMIIIMISTLTVYIILDLFMNKFSNLFLLKNHNIEIIWTIIPIIILLIICFPSLKILYLIDEIVNPFFSIKSIGHQWYWSYEYPEFNNIEFDSYMLNYNNLNQFRLLETDNRMVIPMKIPLRLITTSTDVIHSWTVPSLGIKVDAVPGRINQLNLISKRPGIFFGQCSEICGMNHSFMPIMIESTSFQYFLNWVNKQI - Honey bee
Bryozoan - MISMWSQMLFSDHMGLWSFFLNRFHDYTCALLGGLLVFIGVVSASKVSNQHTTDKSLSLAPEIVWTVAPVVMLLLVCIPSLKLLYMMDRTEPFLTVKIMGRQWYWNYALGDMDFDSYMSNSNGYRLLDTDHRLVLPVMVNVRGLVTGGDVIHSWSVPVLAVKADAVPGRLNQLSMFSMNVGVAYGQCSEICGANHSFMPISVEMVSLVHFCDWFSVGVSDEF - Bryozoan
Comparative phylogeny:
NC_012920 Homo sapiens Human Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo NC_001643 Pan troglodytes Chimp Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Pan NC_006853 Bos taurus Cattle Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae; Bovinae; Bos NC_005268 Balaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Cetacea; Mysticeti; Balaenidae; Balaena NC_014682 Orcinus orca Killer Whale Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Cetacea; Odontoceti; Delphinidae; Orcinus NC_007393 Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Rousette Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Chiroptera; Megachiroptera; Pteropodidae; Pteropodinae; Rousettus NC_002080 Erinaceus europaeus European Hedgehog Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Insectivora; Erinaceidae; Erinaceinae; Erinaceus NC_009492 Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant Panda Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Carnivora; Caniformia; Ursidae; Ailuropoda NC_001794 Macropus robustus Wallaroo Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Metatheria; Diprotodontia; Macropodidae; Macropus NC_008133 Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Metatheria; Diprotodontia; Phascolarctidae; Phascolarctos NC_003321 Tachyglossus aculeatus Australian Echidna Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Monotremata; Tachyglossidae; Tachyglossus NC_002333 Danio rerio Zebrafish Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Ostariophysi; Cypriniformes; Cyprinidae; Danio NC_014764 Protopterus aethiopicus Marbled Lungfish Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Dipnoi; Lepidosireniformes; Protopteridae; Protopterus NC_009736 Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Archosauria; Dinosauria; Saurischia; Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Aves; Neognathae; Ciconiiformes; Ardeidae; Egretta NC_006403 Hyla chinensis Chinese Toad Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Neobatrachia; Hyloidea; Hylidae; Hylinae; Hylini; Hyla NC_001626 Petromyzon marinus Sea Lamprey Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Hyperoartia; Petromyzontiformes; Petromyzontidae; Petromyzon NC_004447 Ciona intestinalis Sea squirt Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Tunicata; Ascidiacea; Enterogona; Phlebobranchia; Cionidae; Ciona NC_001912 Branchiostoma lanceolatum Amphioxus Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Cephalochordata; Branchiostomidae; Branchiostoma. NC_010214 Hydra oligactis Brown Hydra Eukaryota; Metazoa; Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Hydroida; Anthomedusae; Hydridae; Hydra. NC_012616 Apostichopus japonicus Jap. Sea Cucumber Eukaryota; Metazoa; Echinodermata; Eleutherozoa; Echinozoa; Holothuroidea; Aspidochirotacea; Aspidochirotida; Stichopodidae; Apostichopus NC_002546 Fasciola hepatica Liver Fluke Eukaryota; Metazoa; Platyhelminthes; Trematoda; Digenea; Echinostomida; Echinostomata; Echinostomatoidea; Fasciolidae; Fasciola NC_010220 Biomphalaria tenagophila Snail Eukaryota; Metazoa; Mollusca; Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Basommatophora; Lymnaeoidea; Planorbidae; Biomphalaria NC_001566 Apis mellifera ligustica Honey Bee Eukaryota; Metazoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Hymenoptera; Apocrita; Aculeata; Apoidea; Apidae; Apis NC_014587 Hipparchia autonoe Russian Grayling Eukaryota; Metazoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Lepidoptera; Glossata; Ditrysia; Papilionoidea; Nymphalidae; Satyrinae; Satyrini; Satyrina; Hipparchia NC_008192 Flustrellidra hispida Bryozoan Eukaryota; Metazoa; Bryozoa; Gymnolaemata; Ctenostomata; Flustrellidridae; Flustrellidra