Examples of Comparative Biology
Diagrams for the peptide ATP6 from several species are shown here.
The structure of the peptide appears identical in all mammals.
The first ATP6 mutation reported, a T8993G resulting in the substitution of a highly
conserved leucine to arginine ('L156R'), is the most frequent mutation associated with
NARP/MILS. The T8993C and T9176G mutations, which replace conserved leucines of
ATP6 with proline ('L156P') and arginine ('L217R'), respectively, have also been described
in NARP/MILS pedigrees.
However, most non-synonymous mutations are presumed to be harmless.
Including for example:
C8578T - giving 'P18S' (defines Haplogroup H36a etc.)
G8584A - giving 'A20T' (defines Haplogroup C etc.)
T8594C - giving 'I23T' (defines Haplogroup R5 etc.)
T8618C - giving 'I31T' (defines Haplogroup L3d etc.)
C8684T - giving 'T53I' (defines Haplogroup M8a etc.)
A8701G - giving 'T59A' (defines Haplogroup M etc.)
G8764A - giving 'A80T' (defines Haplogroup D4f1 etc.)
C8794T - giving 'H90Y' (defines Haplogroup A etc.)
A8860G - giving 'T112A' {defines Haplogroup H2a2 etc.)
A8869G - giving 'M115V' (defines Haplogroup V1 etc.)
G9053A - giving 'S176N' (defines Haplogroup I1a1a etc.)
G9055A - giving 'A177T' (defines Haplogroup U8b etc.)
Mammal - Human NC_012920
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Mammal - Cattle - NC_006853
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Mammal - Egyptian Rousette - NC_007393
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Marsupial - Koala - NC_008133
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Amino acid sequences for peptide ATP6:-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 200 1 2
Mammals:
Human - MNENLFASFIAPTILGLPAAVLIILFPPLLIPTSKYLINNRLITTQQWLIKLTSKQMMTMHNTKGRTWSLMLVSLIIFIATTNLLGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLAMAIPLWAGTVIMGFRSKIKNALAHFLPQGTPTPLIPMLVIIETISLLIQPMALAVRLTANITAGHLLMHLIGSATLAMSTINLPSTLIIFTILILLTILEIAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Human
Chimp - MNENLFASFAAPTILGLPAAVLIILFPPLLVPTSKHLINNRLITTQQWLIQLTSKQMMTMHSTKGRTWSLMLVSLIIFITTTNLLGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLAMAIPLWAGAVVMGFRFKTKNALAHFLPQGTPTPLIPMLVIIETISLLIQPMALAVRLTANITAGHLLMHLIGSATLALSTINLPYALIIFTILILLTILEIAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Chimp
Cattle - MNENLFTSFITPVILGLPLVTLIVLFPSLLFPTSNRLVSNRFVTLQQWMLQLVSKQMMSIHNSKGQTWTLMLMSLILFIGSTNLLGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLGMAIPLWAGAVITGFRNKTKASLAHFLPQGTPTPLIPMLVIIETISLFIQPMALAVRLTANITAGHLLIHLIGGATLALMSISTTTALITFTILILLTILEFAVAMIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Cattle
Bowhead Whale - MNENLFAPFMAPVMVGIPITTLIIILPSILFPTPNRLINNRMISIQQWLTKLTSKQLMNTHSPKGQTWSLMLISLFLFIASTNLLGMLPHSFTPTTQLSMNVGMAIPLWAGTVFTGFRNKTKMSLAHLLPQGTPTFLIPMLVIIETISLFIQPVALAVRLTANITAGHLLMHLIGEATLALMDISLFTTLITFTILTLLTILEFAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Bowhead Whale
Killer Whale - MNKNLFTSFMIPVVLGIPITTLIIMFPTMLFPTPNRLTNNRVIAIQQWLTKLTSKQLMITHGLKGQTWSLMLTSLFLFIASTNLLGMLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLGMAIPLWAGTIFIGFRNKTKMSLAHLLPLGTPAFLIPMLVTIETISLFIQPLALAVRLTANITAGHLLLHLIGSATLALMGINLPTALITFIILTLLVILEFAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLQDNT - Killer Whale
Egyptian Rousette - MNENLFASFITPTMMGLPVVTLIIMFPTILFPSSNRLINNRLIAIQQWILHLTAKQMMSIHNHTGQKWSLMLMSLILFIGSTNLLGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLGMAIPLWAGTVALGFRHKTKASLAHFLPQGTPVPLIPMLIIIETISLFIQPMALAVRLTANITAGHLLIHLIGGATLALLNINMLTSFITFIILVLLTILEFAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Egyptian Rousette Bat
European Hedgehog - MNENLFTPFIAPTLLGIPVAILIIMFPSLLFIKHTRLFSNRIMILQQWMIKKTTKQMMSNHNPKGQTWALLLMSLMMFISSSNILGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLGMAIPLWAGAVIMGFRLKLKNSLAHFLPQGTPLPLIPMLIIIETISLLIQPMALAIRLTANITAGHLLIHLIGSAVLNLLAINPSVAMLTLIILLLLTILEFAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - European Hedgehog
Giant Panda - MNENLFASFTTPMMMGVPIVVLIIIFPSILFPSPNRLINNRLATVQQWLIQLVSKHMLSIHNYKGQTWALMLMSLILFIGSTNLLGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNLGMAIPLWAGTVVMGFRHKTKASLAHFLPQGTPLPLIPMLVIIETISLFIQPVALAVRLTANITAGHLLIHLIGGATLVLMNINPVTALITFIILILLTILELAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Giant Panda
Wallaroo - MNENLFATFITPTILGITTLPIIMLFPCLLLTSPKRWLPNRIQILQVWLIRLITKQMLTIHNKQGRSWALMLMSLILFIASTNLLGLLPYSFTPTTQLSMNIGMAIPLWLATVLMGFRNKPKISLAHFLPQGTPTPLVPMLIIIETISLFIQPVALAVRLTANITAGHLLIHLIGSATLALCSISVTVSTITFIILFLLTILELAVAMIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNS - Wallaroo
Koala - MNKNLFTQFITPTIMDTTMLPMIMYFPCLILSTPKHLFSNRIQTLQIWLIRLITKQMMLLHNKQGQTWTLMLMSLILFISSTNLLGLLPYSFTPTTQLSMNISMAIPLWMATVIMGLRNKPKTSLAHLLPQGTPTPLIPMLIIIETISLLIQPLALAVRLTANITAGHLLIHLITSATLALLSINMIASTMTFIIFLMLMILELTVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHNNS - Koala
Australian Echidna - MNENLFASFITPTILGISILPLIMIFPCLLFSAPNRWMPNRLVALQLWLVRMVTKQMMSMHNKQGRMWTLMLITLIMFIASTNLLGLLPYTFTPTTQLSMNMGMAVPLWLGTVLMGFRNKPKSSLAHFLPQGTPTPLIPMLIIIETISLFIQPVALAVRLTANITAGHLLIHLIGSATLALSSISLTVSTITFTILFLLTILEIAVALIQAYVFTLLVSLYLHDNT - Australian Echidna
100 million years ago:
Non-mammals:
Zebrafish - MMTSFFDQFASPYLLGIPLILVAMLLPWLLFPAPTSRWINNRLITVQTWLTGRFTNQLMTPLNFSGHKWALLFASLMVFLITINLLGLLPYTFTPTTQLSLNMGFAVPLWLATVIIGMKNQPTIALGHLLPEGTPIPLIPALIIIETISLFIRPLALGVRLTANLTAGHLLIQLIATAVFVLLPMMPAVAILTASVLFLLTLLEVAVAMIQAYVFILLLSLYLQENI - Zebrafish
Marbled Lungfish - MTLSFFDQFLSPTILGIPLIMLSLILPWLLYPTSPNRWLSNRLLTLENWFIFRTTAQLMVPINQQGHKWAAILTSLMILLISINLLGLLPYTFTPTTQLSMNMGFAVPMWLATVLIGLRNQPTTSIGHLLPEXTPNLLIPALVVIETISLFIRPLALGVRLTANLTAGHLLMQLIATAVFFLASVMPTIALLTYTVLFLLTILELAVAMIQAYVFVLLLTLYLQENI - Marbled Lungfish
Chinese Egret - MNLSFFDQFTSPCLLGIPLILLATLFPALLLPSPNNRWITNRLSTLQLWLLHLITKQLMMPLNKAGHKWALILTSLMMFLLTINLLGLLPYTFTPTTQLSMNMALAFPLWLATLLTGLRNQPSMSLGHLLLEGTPTLLIPALIMIETTSLLIRPLALGVRLTANLTAGHLLIQLISTATTALLPILPTVSALTTLILLLLTILEVAVAMIQAYVFVLLLSLYLQENI - Chinese Egret
Liver Fluke - MFVSRLGVLYNLVVGFVLGGWSDYLYRMCLFFLLCCFLYLRMPYLYGLLGFGLFLIFSVIPLFLALFLGRLLDVGLFSFFSGFVPSGTPLWIAPFVCLAETLSYVVRPIVLIIRPFVNLTIGSFGGVAIGALGFKYGFGVFVFLVVLFFYEVFVALVHWFIVCNILSFSENH - Liver Fluke
Oriental Fluke - MLSGLWFTSFLVKLSSYLKVMKIEMWYSLSLFILIFVFAIVRFPYVYGMFDYGLCLIVLIMPLFISLFFSRLFCAFGLFVSSFIPVGCPIYLAPFVCIIELISFIIRPVVLLVRPFVNISAGVYFGVFVGNLCFAINYFIFVIFFVLFVYEIFVALMHWFIVQEILKFSVDH - Oriental Fluke
Sea Squirt - MMNLFFPFESTLMIFPIGLVMLLFGFYFFGNKILNKGMFLLIMGQFTNKFSGMFFFYFSVFFVILAMNLLGMLPFGFSMSSLLVVTFSFSVMLWISTVLRGYMINLKYNIAHLLPMGTPYFLVFMLVWIEIMSQLARPLALGIRLMANITAGHLLLHLISQGFFFMGPMGIFVLFLFSILVILEIAVSFIQPYVFGLLLSLYMNEGLGSE - Sea Squirt
Brown Hydra - MSSYFDHFLVTKIFGFLFDSHLILIMSVLIXFVALNFNLVIPSRIQLFFEIIMNHFSQIIKENLGNNSQIYLLFLSTLFFYLISINLLGFFIFTLPPTTHISLTFGLSSFIWISIIIFGFFNFKSSYLSMFMPTGAPLGLSPLLVFIELASHISRPIALGMRLAANLTAGHILLAILSDFIFKMLCFSFSFFNLFPLIIIIFMIILEIGVLVIQAYVFTLLCLIYLKDSLILH - Brown Hydra
Snail - MFSDLFSSLDGCMSIYSWSTTLILLLLFYNKTFIYSTNSSLIKSLIPLGQGNKKILPFGLFIINIFFILINMNLLGLTPFTYSMTSSLWYVSSMALIMWTLLLISGYFYSFKKSLAHLVPSGAPLPLVPFLIIIESISILIRPLTLTVRLIANISAGHIVLSLIANVLTSLNFSTMSSVLLISVGYNMFEVFVCFIQAYIFTLLLKLYSAEHPFKWSCVQHLTVN - Snail
Honey Bee - MKLILMMNLFEMFDPSTSNNLSMNWLFMMLPIIIFPSIFWLIQSRIMFIMKTLMNFMYNEFKVVSKSKYQSNIIIFISLMLYIMITNIFSLIPYVFTLTSHLLLNMILSLTLWFSFLIYLIYNNYIMFLSHLVPLNSPVFLMNFMVIIELISLIIRPWTLSIRLSANLISGHLILTLLGIFISNFISILPINLMIQNMLLTLEIFMSMIQSYVFSILLILYFSESN - Honey Bee
Russian Grayling - MMNNLFSIFDPSTNIFNLSLNWISTFIGLMFIPYSFWFMPNRYFLAWNFISSKLHNEFKTLMGTNSFHGSTFIFISLFFFILFNNLLGLFPYIFTSTSHLNLSLTLSLTLWLSFMIYGWINNTQHMFIHLIPQGTPTILMPFMVLIETISNIIRPGTLAVRLTANMIAGHLLLTLLGNSGLNMPNYLLAILIFTQILLLTLEIAVAIIQSYVITILSTLYSSEVN - Russian Grayling
Bryozoan - MLFDLFSCFDDCNATIPPLLVILAFVLYFNKSSQPPHPQHSHTVGELADNHRVLNTMSGRTVLVSLFVLVGYLNPMGLYPYMFSMTSHLATNLALSLPLWVAILLASSSFSGYSFLSHLQPTGAPAALSPFLCLIELVSLIIRPLTLCVRLAANLSTGHIFIALLAGSAALTIPVGVFYFAFEFAICGIQNYIFTLLPLLYLEEHP - Bryozoan
Comparative phylogeny:
NC_012920 Homo sapiens Human Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo NC_001643 Pan troglodytes Chimp Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Pan NC_006853 Bos taurus Cattle Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae; Bovinae; Bos NC_005268 Balaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Cetacea; Mysticeti; Balaenidae; Balaena NC_014682 Orcinus orca Killer Whale Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Cetacea; Odontoceti; Delphinidae; Orcinus NC_007393 Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Rousette Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Chiroptera; Megachiroptera; Pteropodidae; Pteropodinae; Rousettus NC_002080 Erinaceus europaeus European Hedgehog Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Insectivora; Erinaceidae; Erinaceinae; Erinaceus NC_009492 Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant Panda Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Carnivora; Caniformia; Ursidae; Ailuropoda NC_001794 Macropus robustus Wallaroo Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Metatheria; Diprotodontia; Macropodidae; Macropus NC_008133 Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Metatheria; Diprotodontia; Phascolarctidae; Phascolarctos NC_003321 Tachyglossus aculeatus Australian Echidna Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Monotremata; Tachyglossidae; Tachyglossus NC_002333 Danio rerio Zebrafish Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Ostariophysi; Cypriniformes; Cyprinidae; Danio NC_014764 Protopterus aethiopicus Marbled Lungfish Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Dipnoi; Lepidosireniformes; Protopteridae; Protopterus NC_009736 Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Archosauria; Dinosauria; Saurischia; Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Aves; Neognathae; Ciconiiformes; Ardeidae; Egretta NC_006403 Hyla chinensis Chinese Toad Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Neobatrachia; Hyloidea; Hylidae; Hylinae; Hylini; Hyla NC_001626 Petromyzon marinus Sea Lamprey Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Hyperoartia; Petromyzontiformes; Petromyzontidae; Petromyzon NC_004447 Ciona intestinalis Sea squirt Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Tunicata; Ascidiacea; Enterogona; Phlebobranchia; Cionidae; Ciona NC_001912 Branchiostoma lanceolatum Amphioxus Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Cephalochordata; Branchiostomidae; Branchiostoma. NC_010214 Hydra oligactis Brown Hydra Eukaryota; Metazoa; Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Hydroida; Anthomedusae; Hydridae; Hydra. NC_012616 Apostichopus japonicus Jap. Sea Cucumber Eukaryota; Metazoa; Echinodermata; Eleutherozoa; Echinozoa; Holothuroidea; Aspidochirotacea; Aspidochirotida; Stichopodidae; Apostichopus NC_002546 Fasciola hepatica Liver Fluke Eukaryota; Metazoa; Platyhelminthes; Trematoda; Digenea; Echinostomida; Echinostomata; Echinostomatoidea; Fasciolidae; Fasciola NC_002544 Schistosoma japonicum Oriental Fluke Eukaryota; Metazoa; Platyhelminthes; Trematoda; Digenea; Strigeidida; Schistosomatoidea; Schistosomatidae; Schistosoma NC_010220 Biomphalaria tenagophila Snail Eukaryota; Metazoa; Mollusca; Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Basommatophora; Lymnaeoidea; Planorbidae; Biomphalaria NC_001566 Apis mellifera ligustica Honey Bee Eukaryota; Metazoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Hymenoptera; Apocrita; Aculeata; Apoidea; Apidae; Apis NC_014587 Hipparchia autonoe Russian Grayling Eukaryota; Metazoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Lepidoptera; Glossata; Ditrysia; Papilionoidea; Nymphalidae; Satyrinae; Satyrini; Satyrina; Hipparchia NC_008192 Flustrellidra hispida Bryozoan Eukaryota; Metazoa; Bryozoa; Gymnolaemata; Ctenostomata; Flustrellidridae; Flustrellidra